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Justitia Nova: Indonesian Journal of Modern Law chevron_right

Issue: Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): June
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Beyond Algorithmic Diagnosis: Legal Accountability and Islamic Ethical Governance of AI-Driven Mental Health Systems

Muhamad Ghofir Makturidi, Andrey V. Kotyazhov, Nur Hafieza Ismail, Ghousia Khatoon, Huma Khan
Pages: 76–93
Published: 2026-06-30
Section: Articles

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Abstract

The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in mental healthcare has transformed the identification, monitoring, and management of psychological conditions through predictive analytics and behavioral data analysis, while simultaneously generating significant legal and ethical challenges related to accountability, privacy protection, transparency, and the legitimacy of algorithmic decision-making. This study aims to examine legal accountability mechanisms in AI-driven mental health systems and to integrate Islamic ethical principles as a complementary evaluative framework for strengthening governance. A normative legal research method is employed using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, analyzing Indonesian health law, personal data protection law, and electronic information regulations, as well as international instruments such as the UNESCO, OECD, and WHO guidelines on AI governance. The findings indicate that existing legal frameworks in Indonesia remain fragmented and insufficient to comprehensively regulate algorithmic decision-making, explainability requirements, and liability allocation in AI-assisted mental healthcare. Accordingly, this study proposes an integrated governance framework that combines national legal instruments, trustworthy AI principles, and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah as normative and ethical foundations for responsible AI deployment. The novelty of this research lies in its doctrinal integration of AI legal accountability with Islamic ethical governance in the mental health context, which has been rarely addressed in previous studies. The contribution of this study is the development of a multidisciplinary governance model that strengthens legal certainty, ethical legitimacy, and patient protection in digital mental health systems. However, this study is limited by its normative doctrinal approach and the absence of empirical validation within healthcare institutions and AI implementation settings.

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence; Legal Accountability; Data Protection; Explainable AI; Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah

How to Cite

. (2026). Beyond Algorithmic Diagnosis: Legal Accountability and Islamic Ethical Governance of AI-Driven Mental Health Systems. Justitia Nova: Indonesian Journal of Modern Law, 2(1), 76–93.

How to Cite

Beyond Algorithmic Diagnosis: Legal Accountability and Islamic Ethical Governance of AI-Driven Mental Health Systems. (2026). Justitia Nova: Indonesian Journal of Modern Law, 2(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/2cmbd272

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