Background: The regulation of dam tamattuʿ has become increasingly significant in Muslim-majority countries due to the growing number of Hajj pilgrims, administrative reforms, and differing interpretations of Islamic law regarding sacrificial obligations. Indonesia has attracted attention through its evolving governance policies emphasizing transparency, efficiency, and socio-economic welfare.
Methods: This study employed a qualitative-comparative approach by analyzing government regulations, fatwas, official Hajj policies, and scholarly literature from Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Turkey, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Data were examined using document analysis and comparative thematic analysis.
Results: The study identifies two dominant regulatory models: the classical-territorial model, requiring dam implementation in the Haram area, as practiced in Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; and the contextual-administrative model in Indonesia, which emphasizes governance efficiency, transparency, and public welfare. Digital governance also plays an increasing role in improving accountability and administrative effectiveness.
Discussion: Indonesia demonstrates a hybrid model integrating state administration, religious authority, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah-oriented legal reform. This approach reflects an adaptive interpretation of Islamic law that balances ritual compliance with contemporary social and administrative needs.
Conclusion: The regulation of dam tamattuʿ reflects the dynamic interaction between classical fiqh, modern governance, and contemporary socio-economic realities. The integration of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah strengthens ethical and welfare-oriented pilgrimage governance.
Novelty: This study provides a comparative analysis integrating Islamic legal reform, pilgrimage governance, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah perspectives across several Muslim-majority countries.
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