Background: The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated judicial digitalization worldwide, yet its governance within Islamic Family Courts remains insufficiently examined from a comparative legal perspective. Existing studies largely emphasize technological innovation while overlooking the integration of judicial ethics, legal pluralism, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah across different legal systems.
Methods: This study employed a qualitative comparative legal approach through doctrinal analysis, comparative legal research, and documentary review. Legal instruments, judicial policies, AI governance frameworks, and academic literature from Indonesia, Lithuania, and Türkiye were analyzed using thematic interpretation based on Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance, Judicial Decision-Making Theory, Legal Pluralism Theory, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah.
Results: The findings identify three complementary governance models. Indonesia emphasizes normative adaptation within Islamic judicial institutions, Lithuania prioritizes transparency, explainability, and algorithmic accountability under European digital governance, while Türkiye integrates judicial digitalization with institutional modernization rooted in its legal traditions. Across all jurisdictions, AI functions as judicial decision support rather than replacing judges.
Discussion: Comparative analysis demonstrates that trustworthy AI governance requires transparent algorithms, meaningful human oversight, ethical accountability, data protection, and compatibility with Islamic legal principles to enhance judicial quality while preserving judicial independence.
Conclusion: AI governance should be institutionalized as a human-centered judicial support system that strengthens efficiency, consistency, and access to justice without compromising the normative objectives of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah or judicial discretion.
Novelty: This study develops an integrated comparative framework combining Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance, Judicial Decision-Making Theory, Legal Pluralism, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah to explain AI governance in Islamic Family Courts across Indonesia, Lithuania, and Türkiye.
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